Boko Haram and its splinter group, the Islamic State West African Province (ISWAP), have displayed resilience despite efforts to counter their violent extremism for many years. The ambitious groups are expanding beyond their traditional stronghold in North-Eastern Nigeria into other parts of the country, most worryingly the South-West. They exploit weak security and intelligence capabilities alongside social vulnerabilities in long-disadvantaged communities. If the terrorist groups are not stopped, there is a genuine risk that Nigeria’s ability to maintain security and stability over a stretch of time, which is necessary and conducive for democratic governance and economic development, may be adversely affected. This policy brief synthesises findings from intelligence reports and existing literature alongside interviews with intelligence sources, researchers, and local informants in areas impacted by terrorist activities.